[79] In 1186, he engineered the marriage of his son Henry to Constance of Sicily, heiress to the Kingdom of Sicily, over the objections of Pope Urban III. At the time of his death, his empire encompassed much of Western Europe. Some sources of this legend indicate that Barbarossa implemented his revenge for this insult by forcing the magistrates of the city to remove a fig from the anus of a donkey using only their teeth. Frederick Barbarossa - Wikipedia Charlemagne was a medieval emperor who ruled much of Western Europe from 768 to 814. Frederick sent a large embassy ahead to make preparations in Byzantium. [37] This aggrieved Frederick, and he was further displeased when Papal legates chose to interpret a letter from Adrian to Frederick in a manner that seemed to imply that the imperial crown was a gift from the Papacy and that in fact the Empire itself was a fief of the Papacy. Saint Louis IX and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III A nephew of Hohenstaufen founder Conrad III, he joined his uncle on the disastrous Second Crusade in 1147, and learned much from the mistakes made by the Europeans in that doomed effort. Southern Italy and Sicily were united in the Norman kingdom of Roger II. His uncle, King Conrad III, had taken the crusader vow in public on 28 December 1146. He is shorter than very tall men, but taller and more noble than men of medium height. The Hungarians and Seljuks promised provisions and safe-conduct to the crusaders. [61] The cities of northern Italy had become exceedingly wealthy through trade, representing a marked turning point in the transition from medieval feudalism. [130] Laudage investigates the important role of the concept of honour in Frederick's decisions while explaining the far-reaching visions of the emperor and his advisers,[131][132] while Grich (who also emphasizes the honour, or honor imperii factor) questions whether traditional researchers have overemphasized the intentional side of Frederick's politics and instead highlights his flexibility and consensus-building capability as a leader. He was also no stranger to elegant indulgence: According to Einhard, On great feast-days Charles made use of embroidered clothes, and shoes bedecked with precious stones. Omissions? [46] Frederick attempted to convoke a joint council with King LouisVII of France in 1162 to decide the issue of who should be pope. [83] At Mainz Frederick proclaimed a "general expedition against the pagans". Pope Adrian IV was naturally opposed to this view and undertook a vigorous propaganda campaign designed to diminish Frederick and his ambition.
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