When Muhammad died in 632, he had not named a successor. Thus, statements of the sort that on March 21 of the year 625, Meccan forces entered the oasis of Medina are inherently problematic. The treaty was broken by the Meccan allies a year later. It is an Anglicized/Latinized version of the Arabic word or Khalfah, which means "successor", that is, successor to the Muhammad. In 630, the Muslim army marched into Mecca, taking the city with minimum casualties. Mounted on the heavenly steed Buraq, Muhammad traveled from the Ka'ba in Mecca to the "Farthest Mosque," which Muslims believe to be the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem. Eventually the Sunni majority (named for sunna, or tradition) won out, and chose Muhammads close friend Abu Bakr to become the first caliph, or leader, of the Islamic community. Of all the gods worshipped, it is believed that Allah was considered the greatest and the only one without an idol. Please enter the correct OTP! Some Orientalists wrote the title as Khalf. %%EOF [37] The Imamate of Futa Jallon (1727-1896) was a Fulani state in West Africa where secular power alternated between two lines of hereditary Imams, or almami. The term is also used for a recognized religious scholar or authority in Islam, often for the founding scholars of the four Sunni madhhabs, or schools of jurisprudence (fiqh). At times, imams have held both secular and religious authority. This combination of money and power would only grow. Sarah Pruitt is a writer and editor based in seacoast New Hampshire. hb```"UV\a ![001:g`h` !i(f` 5@dC&F; The rift between these two factions has resulted in differences in worship as well as political and religious views. A series of leaders, known as caliphs, became successors to Muhammad. In early modern times it is mainly used for the headmaster of an Islamic Boarding School (in Indonesia known as pondok pesantren). In Twelver Shsm there are 14 infallibles, 12 of which are Imams, the final being Imam Mahdi who will return at the end of times. 20002023 The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Initially overwhelmed by the significance of what was being revealed to him, Muhammad found unflinching support in his wife and slowly began to attract followers. Other passages mention military encounters between Muhammads followers and the unbelievers. However, when his message condemned idol worship and polytheism, many of Meccas tribal leaders began to see Muhammad and his message as a threat. WebIslamic religious leaders by nationality (20 C) A. Ayatollahs (8 C, 14 P) C. Caliphs (28 C, 4 P) Muslim clergy (3 C, 1 P) F. Female Islamic religious leaders (3 C, 28 P) G. Grand Muftis (30 C, 15 P) I. Imams (10 C, 12 P) M. Marja' (3 P) Religious leaders of the medieval Islamic world (9 C) According to Islamic belief, Muhammad was the only person to see Heaven and Hell while still alive. At the same time, the nature of the sources is not such as to inspire confidence that we possess historically certain knowledge about the Prophets life that is as detailed as many earlier scholars tended to assume.
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