If, however, there is some dominant end to which all of our other ends are subordinated, then a rational decision is always in principle possible, since only difficulties of computation and lack of information remain (TJ 552). In other words, neither believes that the principles of justice can appropriately be applied to a single transaction viewed in isolation (TJ 87). First, it may seem that the criticism simply does not apply to contemporary versions of utilitarianism which do not, in general, purport to construe the good hedonistically. Rawls goes on to suggest that if the terms of the original position were altered in such a way that the parties were conceived of as perfect altruists, that is, as persons whose desires conform to the approvals (TJ 1889) of an impartial, sympathetic spectator, then classical utilitarianism would indeed be adopted. It is noteworthy that this argument against classical utilitarianism is developed without reference to the apparatus of the original position and is not dependent on that apparatus. They can assign probabilities to outcomes in the society they belong to. Nevertheless, the impulse to treat some form of utilitarianism as a candidate for inclusion in the consensus, when considered in the context of Rawls's aims in Political Liberalism and his sympathy for certain aspects of the utilitarian doctrine, no longer seems mysterious.33 Whether or not the tensions between that impulse and his forceful objections to utilitarianism can be satisfactorily resolved, they provide a salutary reminder of the complexity of Rawls's attitude toward modern moral philosophy's predominant systematic theory. Thus his official arguments against utilitarianism take the form of arguments purporting to show that it would be rejected by the parties. Example 1. adversary adversaries\underline{\text{adversaries}}adversaries. Rawls argues there that because his principles embody an idea of reciprocity or mutual benefit, and because reciprocity is the fundamental psychological mechanism implicated in the development of moral motivation, the motives that would lead people to internalize and uphold his principles are psychologically continuous with developmentally more primitive mechanisms of moral motivation.
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