In this document, beneficence is understood in a stronger sense, as an obligation. Which of the following does not harm subjects a - Course Hero The general categories of research that require REB review in accordance with this Policy are defined in Article 2.1. A difficult ethical problem remains, for example, about research that presents more than minimal risk without immediate prospect of direct benefit to the children involved. (ii) Risks should be reduced to those necessary to achieve the research objective. For example, when research in the social sciences employs emergent design, the manner in which the research project will proceed and any associated risks may be known only as the project unfolds (Chapters 3 and 10). However, when expressions such as "small risk" or "high risk" are used, they usually refer (often ambiguously) both to the chance (probability) of experiencing a harm and the severity (magnitude) of the envisioned harm. The principle of nonmaleficence holds that there is an obligation not to inflict harm on others. Ethics are not a major issue because participants are not deceived. Tier 3 drug shortages - Canada.ca One of its mandates was to identify the basic ethical principles that should underlie research involving human subjects and to develop guidelines to ensure that such research is conducted in accordance with those principles. These principles cannot always be applied so as to resolve beyond dispute particular ethical problems. Participants themselves may vary in their reaction to the research. (iv) When vulnerable populations are involved in research, the appropriateness of involving them should itself be demonstrated. In accordance with Articles 4.1 and 4.7 on vulnerability and inclusion/exclusion criteria, prospective participants who are in high risk circumstances should not be inappropriately included in, or excluded from, participating in research. However, the idea of systematic, nonarbitrary analysis of risks and benefits should be emulated insofar as possible. The requirement that research be justified on the basis of a favorable risk/benefit assessment bears a close relation to the principle of beneficence, just as the moral requirement that informed consent be obtained is derived primarily from the principle of respect for persons. The following requires ethics review and approval by an REB before the research commences. Epidemiological observational research that involves personal health information(e.g., review of medical charts) generally does not meet condition (b) of Article 2.3, as health information is considered to be private. But the role of the principle of beneficence is not always so unambiguous. Individual justice in the selection of subjects would require that researchers exhibit fairness: thus, they should not offer potentially beneficial research only to some patients who are in their favor or select only "undesirable" persons for risky research.
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